This blog was originally posted on the Network for Business Sustainability Blog
To a large degree, the public is scientifically illiterate. And that illiteracy is driving the social debate over climate change, much to the dismay of physical and social scientists around the world. Consider this interesting and disturbing pair of facts:
- A survey by the California Academy of Sciences shows that the majority of the U.S. public is unable to pass even a basic scientific literacy test and the National Science Foundation reports that two-thirds of Americans do not clearly understand the scientific process.
- A survey by The Carsey Institute at UNH found that 83% of respondents reported a “great deal” or “moderate” understanding of climate change issues.
While Americans tend to have a strong confidence in their technical and scientific understanding of climate change, data proves otherwise.
This is a dangerous situation. We live in an age when scientific issues permeate our social, economic and political culture, and people must be educated on science and the scientific process if we are to make rational and informed decisions that affect our future. Indeed, a well functioning democracy requires it. But instead, the relative absence of academics and academic scholarship in the public discourse creates a vacuum into which uninformed, wrong, and downright destructive viewpoints get voiced and take hold (For example, Conservative pundit Rush Limbaugh argued after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that “The ocean will take care of this on its own if it was left alone and left out there…It’s natural. It’s as natural as the ocean water is.”)
This is where we come in; academics and academic scholarship must play a greater role in public discourse, business decision-making and policy development. We need to do a better job of educating people on science. We need another Carl Sagan, someone who can take complex scientific ideas and make them understandable to a lay audience. We need someone who can present this information in way that recognizes both the scientific models that are developed and the cultural underpinnings that cause people to accept or reject them. Science is never socially or politically inert (especially in today’s politically polarized environment), and scientists have a duty to both recognize its impact on society and communicate that impact to those who must live with the consequences.
And yet, much of the work of physical and social scientists remains within the pages of academic journals that, with the exception of select consultants (who profit from their ability to translate this work), few practitioners will ever read. Valuable knowledge is left on the academic table and fails to reach the attention of policy-makers and the public that need it desperately.
Why is this so? New York Times commentator David Brooks captured the nature of the problem when he was asked on a National Public Radio broadcast if he thought any current scholars might have the same influence as mid-twentieth century intellectual, Reinhold Niebuhr. He replied,
“…my favorite period of American social science is the period roughly between ’55 and ’65. And this was a period when you had a series of public intellectuals who were not lost in academic disciplines, but who are much higher-brow than your average journalist… the milieu that created these big daring public intellectuals just isn’t there right now.”
The fact is that today’s scientists are indeed “lost to the Academy.” The role of the “public intellectual” that David Brooks refers has become an arcane and elusive option for today’s academic scholar. As he says, the milieu that created them in the 50s and 60s just doesn’t exist today. The failure of this milieu begins with training in doctoral programs and continues through professional development where the constant immersion in academic seminars and journals to the exclusion of practitioner seminars, meetings and journals serves to weaken literacy in the languages of the public, economic and political domain. Scientists limit involvement in such “outside” activities because tenure and promotion is based primarily on the publication of top-tier academic journal articles. And the metric of quality in a large number of top-tier journals is theoretical rigor, not empirical relevance. We, at least in the field of management, have a theory fetish! Publishing in public journals, writing trade books, speaking at policy conferences, and even serving on government panels are discouraged as “anti-intellectual” at worst and an “impractical” waste of time at best . In the end, the system of near-term incentives for young academics is perverse, not only for the ultimate interests of the individual scholar and for the potency and relevance of the field, but also for society, which is harmed by the absence of critical, rigorous, data driven voices for informing and resolving the climate debate.
But there are signs that this model of scholarly isolation is changing. Some academic leaders have begun to call for more engagement within the public arena. Michael Burawoy has been calling for “public sociology” as a way to invigorate the discipline. Highlighting “four types of knowledge: professional, critical, policy and public” as a template for divergent individual careers, he sees this as a way to connect sociology “to the world of publics, underlining sociology’s particular investment in the defense of civil society.” Similarly within the field of management, there are critical calls from both outside and inside the field for more work that balances “rigor and relevance,” pointing out that the continued disconnect between work that has direct linkages to real world problems in favor of work that only extends theory, leaves the field impotent and in danger of increasing irrelevance in the world. And individual scholars have begun to take steps to break the dominant model of scholarship. There is noted to be an increasing trend in “problem-based research”, work that draws on theoretical principles in its examination of problems as phenomena.
In my view, few contemporary issues warrant critical analysis by problem-focused researchers more than environmental sustainability issues, and particularly climate change. It has import, not only for the future of our natural world, but also for the future of our economy which is based upon it. And this work must encompass all disciplines in examining both the scientific basis for defining the problem and the economic and policy basis for developing solutions. Overlaying each of these domains is a critical need for more sociological, cultural and cognitive research to understand the basis by which people either accept or reject the problem and solution statements. We need to take all this knowledge and train emerging scholars in the skills and techniques of science and risk communication. We need to develop a new generation of scholars for which the role of public intellectual is not an anachronism.
If we don’t do this, the climate change debate will devolve into a “logic schism” where the ideological extremes of the debate dominate the conversion and the solution space disappears into a rhetorical shouting match over a falsely dichotomous presentation of the science. Much like the abortion debate, we can already see signs of the two sides talking past each other, seeking only information that confirms their position and disconfirms the other; even demonizing the other. Surveys show that the percentage of conservatives and Republicans who believe that the effects of global warming have already begun to happen declined from roughly 50% in 2001 to about 30% in 2010 while the corresponding percentage of liberals and Democrats increased from roughly 60% in 2001 to about 70% in 2010. Other surveys show that, overall, belief in climate change has declined in the American public from 71% to 57% between April 2008 and October 2009. The issue is becoming mired in the partisanship of today’s so called “culture wars.” We must stop this slide. There is simply too much at stake for knowledgeable academic scholars to sit on the sidelines. In the end, one of the ultimate, sad ironies about the climate change debate may be that many of the physical and social scientists that can help generate greater understanding on the many facets of the issue would turn down such opportunities because they must write a few more arcane scholarly articles to satisfy their tenure and promotion committees.